Urinary symptoms include frequency, urgency, burning, weak stream, nocturia, incomplete emptying and recurrent infection. Blood in the urine (hematuria) can have many causes and should be assessed appropriately.
Depending on the symptoms, evaluation may include urinalysis, urine culture, ultrasound, kidney function testing and selected endoscopic or imaging investigations.
Visible hematuria, recurrent unexplained microscopic hematuria or associated risk factors may require a more detailed urological work-up.
Hematuria may arise from stones, infection, prostate disease, trauma or urinary tract tumours. The appropriate work-up depends on age, risk factors and clinical findings.
Repeated urinary infections warrant assessment for contributing factors such as obstruction, stones or anatomical abnormalities when clinically appropriate.
LUTS can arise from BPH, urethral stricture, bladder dysfunction or other conditions.
Treatment decisions are individualized after appropriate clinical assessment.
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