Children can present with urinary infections, bedwetting, congenital abnormalities, genital conditions, testicular problems or obstruction. Pediatric symptoms should be assessed according to the child's age and development.
Common concerns include nocturnal enuresis, recurrent urinary symptoms, hydrocele, undescended testis, hypospadias, phimosis, hydronephrosis and ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
Evaluation may involve history, examination, urinalysis, ultrasound and selected additional tests. Treatment depends on age, anatomy, symptoms and risk to the urinary tract.
Nocturnal enuresis is common in childhood. Assessment is appropriate when symptoms are persistent, distressing or accompanied by daytime urinary symptoms.
A persistently undescended testis requires timely specialist assessment because management is age-sensitive.
Children with hypospadias should be assessed by a clinician experienced in pediatric urology and reconstructive principles.
Treatment decisions are individualized after appropriate clinical assessment.
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