Male infertility can result from problems involving sperm production, sperm transport, hormones, varicocele, medications, systemic disease or other factors. Both partners may need appropriate evaluation.
Initial assessment commonly includes a detailed reproductive and medical history, physical examination and semen analysis. Abnormal results may need confirmation with repeat testing.
Targeted hormonal, genetic, imaging or other tests are selected according to the clinical picture. Treatment depends on the cause and the couple's reproductive goals.
No sperm in the ejaculate requires distinguishing obstructive from non-obstructive causes; the evaluation is individualized.
A clinically significant varicocele may be relevant in selected men with infertility, testicular concerns or abnormal semen parameters.
Medication, smoking, heat exposure, anabolic steroids and systemic conditions can affect fertility and should be discussed.
Treatment decisions are individualized after appropriate clinical assessment.
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